{"id":14038,"date":"2025-05-05T15:41:16","date_gmt":"2025-05-05T05:41:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/?p=14038"},"modified":"2025-05-05T15:41:20","modified_gmt":"2025-05-05T05:41:20","slug":"how-japan-has-adapted-standards-to-make-its-buildings-quake-proof","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/how-japan-has-adapted-standards-to-make-its-buildings-quake-proof\/","title":{"rendered":"How Japan Has Adapted Standards to Make Its Buildings Quake-Proof"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Tokyo has been rocked again by another earthquake\u2014one of hundreds of quakes to hit the country this year.  It comes after revellers were tied up in a 7.5-magnitude quake that struck Central Japan on New Year&#8217;s Eve last year, triggering the country&#8217;s first tsunami warning since the 2011 T\u014dhoku &#8216;nuclear&#8217; event.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Japan&#8217;s most potent earthquake for several decades toppled buildings, caused fires, and knocked out critical infrastructure in the Noto Peninsula as families celebrated New Year&#8217;s Day. However, despite a raft of earthquakes and aftershocks, Japan has fared far better than comparable examples, including Turkey&#8217;s 7.8-magnitude earthquake in February 2023, with its success largely attributed to the resilience of its buildings in the face of structural collapse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"youtube-embed\" data-video_id=\"_PZLfxQDrTc\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Aerial footage shows destruction in Japan after earthquake\" width=\"696\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_PZLfxQDrTc?feature=oembed&#038;enablejsapi=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\"><i>Occu<\/i><\/span><em>rring on New Year&#8217;s Day 2024, the Guardian surveyed the damage caused by the 7.5-magnitude earthquake &#8211; footage courtesy of @guadiannews.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-reason-for-this-nbsp\">The reason for this?&nbsp;<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>For more than a century, Japan has been at the cutting edge of seismic architecture and structural engineering, changing building codes to mitigate risks from thousands of earthquakes every year. Japan has adjusted standards for structural engineering, turning past disasters into hard lessons for the future, with timber design at the forefront of Japanese construction techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/why-japans-culture-is-built-on-wood-not-stone-and-bricks\/\">In February<\/a>, Wood Central spoke to Graham Sayer, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.japaneselumber.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">director of Japanese Lumber<\/a>\u00a0&#8211; who from next week will be helping to guide a tour of Australian architects, engineers and developers around Japan, who said the west could lean much from the Japanese, who for centuries have been building predominately timber buildings to withstand earthquakes and other natural disasters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>\u201cThe timber culture comes down to the fact that bricks weren\u2019t introduced here until the 1860s (by the Germans),\u201d said Mr Sayer\u2013 a native New Zealander with deep relationships with sawmills and merchants across the country. \u201cSo it\u2019s not a civilisation built on bricks (or stone) like many European civilisations.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>And from a policy standpoint, these changes began in 1923 when a 7.9-magnitude earthquake flattened Yokohama, killing more than 140,000 people and toppling hundreds of thousands of structures. Many of Japan&#8217;s ancient buildings, made from wood, were not equipped to handle frequent quakes. This tragedy allowed Japan to introduce the world&#8217;s strongest and most advanced seismic standards to its building codes, now known as the Building Standards Act. These standards bolstered new and existing timber\u2014and concrete-based construction, particularly in heavily urbanised areas like downtown Tokyo.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Japan, which is among the largest consumers of timber in constriction worldwide, has now specified that &#8220;all buildings must not collapse during an earthquake of any force, despite the damage they sustain&#8221; &#8211; including detached housing, which, from 1981, must be built for &#8220;sustainable human life&#8221; during an earthquake.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-timber-engineering-research-looks-at-seismic-protection-technologies\">Timber Engineering Research looks at Seismic Protection Technologies.<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wood-buildings-grow-in-japan-following-trend-to-decarbonisation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">As Japan now looks to taller mass timber buildings to drive decarbonisation<\/a>, seismic protection technologies (SPTS)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00107-019-01389-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">have emerged as a hotspot in timber engineering research.<\/a> This includes seismic dampers and base isolation, described as the &#8220;Cadillac of performance options when you protect buildings in high seismic locations,&#8221;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2024\/01\/04\/1222813472\/structural-engineers-say-japan-was-prepared-for-this-weeks-earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a0according to California-based structural engineer Krista Looza<\/a>, who remarked on the resilience of Japan&#8217;s timber buildings under heavy shock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;They have almost three times as many earthquakes as we see here in California,&#8221; he said. &#8220;And California is considered a region of high seismicity. So you can imagine in Japan, people are very prepared and aware of the hazards they live in.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/world-first-japan-builds-disaster-ready-glamping-homes-from-wood\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1.webp\" alt=\"23 1536x1024 fotor 20241009172639 scaled.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-25222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1.webp 2560w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1-1536x1024.webp 1536w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1-2048x1366.webp 2048w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1-630x420.webp 630w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1-696x464.webp 696w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1-1068x712.webp 1068w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/23-1536x1024-fotor-20241009172639-scaled.jpg-1-1920x1280.webp 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/world-first-japan-builds-disaster-ready-glamping-homes-from-wood\/\">In October<\/a>, Wood Central reported that disaster authorities are now building &#8216;glamping caravans&#8217; out of mass timber, which can be rapidly deployed to natural disaster areas &#8211; including earthquakes &#8211; to help with disaster recovery missions. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Architecture Digest, seismic dampers are placed between the columns and beams of each building floor and employ piston heads in cylinders of silicone oil to transfer vibrations to the liquid rather than the structure during an earthquake.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Base isolations come in many forms and at many price points, from rubber pads installed at the building&#8217;s foundation to act as tremor absorbers to decoupling an entire structure from its foundation and setting it atop a flexible pad so that when the ground shakes, the architecture remains intact and stable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;The most economical option to protect a structure from cracks and collapse is fortification, making walls, columns, and beams thicker to better handle stress during a natural disaster.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;When a building is under construction, architects can specify materials like precast concrete walls, which help absorb lateral loads, or steel moment frames to build support directly into the structure.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Reinforced concrete and structural steel bracing are contemporary industry standards that were long thought to be better options than wood; however, engineered products like cross-laminated timber have recently been proven lateral force resistant by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fs.usda.gov\/research\/news\/highlights\/earthquake-resistant-cross-laminated-timber-shear-wall-system#summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">US Forest Service<\/a>, which has led to a building code change for approval of CLT structures in seismic areas.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22-1024x768.png\" alt=\"image 22\" class=\"wp-image-14043\" srcset=\"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22-696x522.png 696w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22-1068x801.png 1068w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22-560x420.png 560w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22-80x60.png 80w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22-265x198.png 265w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22-600x450.png 600w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-22.png 1183w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">New-generation timber-framed buildings have properties that make them ideal for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.the-possible.com\/earthquake-one-of-biggest-threats-to-built-environment\/\">surviving earthquakes<\/a>, according to Dr Christian M\u00e1laga-Chuquitaype, a lecturer in structural engineering at Imperial College London. \u201cBecause of their relative lightness, they attract smaller forces during seismic activity,\u201d he says, adding that the effect is particularly beneficial in taller buildings.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-quake-test-on-the-world-s-tallest-full-scale-timber-building\">Quake Test on the World&#8217;s Tallest Full-Scale Timber Building<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>In June, Wood Central reported that researchers in California, also subject to high seismic activity, were using &#8220;the shake table&#8221; to test a 10-storey cross-laminated timber building at the University of California, San Diego. <a href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/537230\/tallest-full-scale-building-ever-built-on-an-earthquake-simulator-put-to-the-test\/#:~:text=A10-story%20building%20made%20of%20cross-laminated%20timber%20will%20be,tested%20on%20an%20earthquake%20simulator%2C%20or%20shake%20table.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Previously reported by Science Blog<\/em><\/a>, the experiment, known as the TallWood Project, is the tallest full-scale building ever to undergo testing on an earthquake simulator or shake table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"youtube-embed\" data-video_id=\"TGp73YXMUIQ\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"UCSD tests tallest building on top of earthquake simulator\" width=\"696\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TGp73YXMUIQ?feature=oembed&#038;enablejsapi=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The mass timber building &#8216;danced&#8217; under the Shake Table simulator but kept its structure and did not collapse &#8211; footage courtesy of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@abc10news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">@abc10news<\/a>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The shake table can recreate earthquake movements of various magnitudes on the Richter scale, ranging from 4 to 8, by mimicking seismic activity from past earthquakes, including the Northridge earthquake that hit Los Angeles in 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;The combination of the largest payload capacity in the world, an outdoor setting, and the newly added six-degrees-of-freedom shaking capability makes the UC San Diego shake table a powerful and unique facility,&#8221; said Professor Joel Conte, principal of the Department of Structural Engineering at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;It&#8217;s the only place where the TallWood Project tests could happen,&#8221; Conte said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-23-1024x683.png\" alt=\"image 23\" class=\"wp-image-14044\" srcset=\"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-23-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-23-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-23-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-23-696x464.png 696w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-23-630x420.png 630w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-23-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-23.png 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Professor Joel Conte is from the TallWood Project, with the 10-storey cross-laminated timber building and the &#8220;Shake Test&#8221; earthquake simulator. (Photo Credit: UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Mass timber buildings are gaining popularity as greener and faster alternatives to concrete and steel structures &#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wood-buildings-grow-in-japan-following-trend-to-decarbonisation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">including the 11-storey Port Plus building, which rose in Tokyo last year.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/awc.org\/codes-and-standards\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>With new building codes updated to permit more high-rise mass-timber buildings<\/em><\/a>, many questions exist<a href=\"https:\/\/www.archdaily.com\/967285\/is-mass-timber-a-good-choice-for-seismic-zones#:~:text=Wood%20as%20a%20structural%20material%20works%20particularly%20well,its%20fracture.%20That%20is%2C%20it%20bends%20before%20breaking.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>\u00a0about how such buildings would fare in earthquakes.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Mass timber is part of a massive trend in architecture and construction, but the seismic performance of tall buildings made with these new systems is not as well-understood as other existing building systems,&#8221; said Shiling Pei, principal investigator and associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Colorado School of Mines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, in Japan, engineers say preparedness is the best way to combat an earthquake&#8217;s potentially deadly effects. After every event, Japanese scientists inspect buildings to find where they have gone structurally wrong. This knowledge helps ensure that every subsequent tremor will be less disastrous than the last.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Please Note<\/strong>: Wood Central will have exclusive coverage from the Timber Development Association-organised Japanese study tour next week.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tokyo has been rocked again by another earthquake\u2014one of hundreds of quakes to hit the country this year. It comes after revellers were tied up in a 7.5-magnitude quake that struck Central Japan on New Year&#8217;s Eve last year, triggering the country&#8217;s first tsunami warning since the 2011 T\u014dhoku &#8216;nuclear&#8217; event.\u00a0 Japan&#8217;s most potent earthquake [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":23731,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"","_twitter_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type":"","_pinterest_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type_page":"","_instagram_share_type":"","_medium_share_type":"","_threads_share_type":"","_google_business_share_type":"","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[52,37,47,41,32,42,39,48,49,68,43,31,40],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[70],"class_list":{"0":"post-14038","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-asia","8":"category-building-and-construction","9":"category-commercial","10":"category-exterior-wood-products","11":"category-global-news","12":"category-interior-wood-products","13":"category-mass-timber","14":"category-mid-rise-construction","15":"category-residential","16":"category-sector","17":"category-structural-wood-products","18":"category-top-stories","19":"category-wood-products"},"authors":[{"term_id":70,"user_id":2,"is_guest":0,"slug":"jason","display_name":"Jason Ross","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/J-Ross-headshot.jpeg","url2x":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/J-Ross-headshot.jpeg"},"0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14038","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14038"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14038\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25225,"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14038\/revisions\/25225"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14038"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14038"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14038"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/woodcentral.com.au\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=14038"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}